Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the female genital tract in developed countries [1], affecting mainly women over 50 years of age, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years old [2,3]. Its incidence has increased due to population aging and obesity [1-5]. Although more than 90% of cases are sporadic, up to 10% are hereditary in origin, generally associated with Lynch syndrome [6].
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a common genetic abnormality in EC caused by defects in proteins of the DNA repair mechanism (mismatch repair, MMR). Depending on the degree of alteration, MSI can be high (MSI-H) or low (MSI-L) [7]. About 30% of ECs are deficient in MMR (dMMR) and MSI-H proteins, while most of them are tumors with microsatellite stability (MSS) and presence of MMR (pMMR) [8,9].
Twenty percent of patients with SC are diagnosed with advanced or metastatic disease (stage III or IV). Between 10-15% of ECs recur and 80-90% of recurrences occur within the first three years after diagnosis [9]. The standard first-line treatment of advanced or recurrent unresectable SC is platinum-based chemotherapy (QT) using the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel [10,11]. Considering that second-line treatment options are limited, and advanced or recurrent EC ends up being largely resistant to QT, it is crucial to develop more effective and safer novel therapies [12,13].
PD-1 and PD-L1 proteins negatively regulate T-cell activity, preventing tumor cell killing and favoring cancer progression [14]. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) block this interaction and have demonstrated antitumor activity with a good safety profile in patients previously treated with QT [12,13].
Monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-1 or PD-L1 enhance the immune response to attack cancer cells [12]. Their efficacy can be enhanced when combined with targeted therapies, such as receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors (e.g., Lenvatinib) or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme inhibitors (PARP, e.g., Olaparib).
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors therapy, in monotherapy or in combination, in advanced SC.
To study the efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapies in patients with advanced CE dMMR/ MSI-H versus pMMR/MSS.
To analyze the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy and targeted therapies versus QT in second-line treatment in patients with advanced SC.
A descriptive, observational, systematic review with a qualitative approach was carried out.
The bibliographic search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases.
The search strategy was conducted by combining the MeSH terms "immune checkpoint inhibitors", "Pembrolizumab", "dostarlimab", "Lenvatinib", "paclitaxel", "carboplatin", "doxorubicin" and "endometrial neoplasms" with the Boolean operators AND and OR, as follows: (((((((((Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors)) OR (Pembrolizumab)) OR (Dostarlimab)) OR (Lenvatinib)) OR (Paclitaxel)) OR (Carboplatin)) OR (Doxorubicin)) AND (Endometrial Neoplasms))).
Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials published in the last 5 years, in English and in humans, with patients who received at least one line of platinum-based QT.
Studies that addressed several solid tumors (e.g., EC and ovarian cancer), compared brachytherapy and/or radiotherapy versus pharmacological treatments, evaluated the efficacy of the combination of immunotherapy and QT versus QT in monotherapy, or were cost-effective studies.
The clinical variables evaluated in the studies were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), complete response (CR), partial response (PR), disease progression (DP), duration of response (DR), and disease control rate (DCR) [15]. RECIST 1.1 and iRECIST criteria were applied [15,16]. Safety and toxicity were evaluated according to CTCAE v4 criteria [17], including the most frequent and serious adverse events (AEs).
Twelve studies evaluating the effectiveness and toxicity of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor agents and targeted therapies in advanced SC were selected. The selection from electronic databases was performed by title and abstract, followed by a full-text review, choosing those that met the inclusion criteria. Figure 1 presents the article selection process using a PRISMA flowchart [18].
Table 1 lists the characteristics of the 12 studies [19-30]. In all of them, patients presented advanced or recurrent SC.
Study data | n | Target | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|
Dhani et al. (2020) [19]. United States. | 102 | Phase II trial on the efficacy of Cabozantinib in monotherapy in 2 cohorts of patients. Primary endpoint: PFS at 12 weeks and ORR. | Cabozantinib showed activity in the experimental cohort (endometrioid and serous histology), with a median PFS of 4.6 months and 6-month PFS of 37%. In the exploratory cohort (other histologies), PFS at 12 weeks was 47% and ORR 16%. Most common AEs: fatigue (61%), diarrhea (51%), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (39%), and hypertension (25%). |
Antill et al. (2021) [20]. Australia. | 71 | PHAEDRA phase II trial on the efficacy of Durvalumab in monotherapy: CE dMMR (n=35) and CE pMMR (n=36). Primary objective: TRO | Durvalumab showed ORR of 47% in dMMR EC compared with 3% in pMMR EC. OS at 12 months was 71% in dMMR and 51% in pMMR. The most frequent AEs were related to immunotherapy (20%). |
Lheureux et al. (2022) [21]. United States. | 54 | Phase II trial on the efficacy of Cabozantinib and Nivolumab (n=36) versus Nivolumab monotherapy (n=18). Primary target: SLP. | The combination of Cabozantinib and Nivolumab significantly improved PFS compared to Nivolumab monotherapy (5.3 months vs. 1.9 months). Most frequent AEs: diarrhea (42%), AST elevation (42%), fatigue (36%) and anorexia (31%). |
Wei et al. (2022) [22]. China. | 23 | Phase II trial on the efficacy of the combination of Sintilimab and Anlotinib in dMMR/MSI-H (n=9) and pMMR/MSS (n=14) ECs. Primary objective: TRO. | The combination obtained an ORR of 73.9%, reaching 100% in dMMR/MSI-H EC and 85.7% in pMMR/MSS EC. A total of 43.5% presented adverse effects, the most common being palmo-plantar erythrodysesthesia (100%), skin rash (69.6%), and hypothyroidism (69.6%). |
Bellone et al. (2022) [23]. United States. | 24 | Phase II trial on the efficacy of Pembrolizumab in monotherapy in patients with CE dMMR/MSI-H (75% sporadic, 25% hereditary, associated with Lynch syndrome). Primary objective: TRO. | Pembrolizumab showed antitumor activity in recurrent dMMR/MSI-H SC. ORT, PFS and OS results were superior in patients with EC associated with Lynch syndrome. Most common AEs: diarrhea (12.4%), skin disorders (7.9%), fatigue (6.8%), and perfusion-related reactions (5.6%). |
Konstantinopoulos et al. (2022) [24]. United States. | 35 | Phase II trial on the efficacy and safety of Avelumab and Talazoparib in pMMR SC. Primary objective: ORT and PFS at 6 months. | The combination demonstrated a favorable AE profile and met the prespecified criteria for further evaluation in pMMR CE. ORR was 11.4% and PFS at 6 months was 22.9%. The most common grade 3-4 AEs: anemia (46%), thrombocytopenia (29%), and neutropenia (11%). |
Post et al. (2022) [25]. Netherlands. | 50 | DOMEC trial (phase II) on the efficacy of the combination Durvalumab plus Olaparib. Primary endpoint: PFS at 6 months (effective treatment if PFS rate at 6 months at > 50%). | The combination was well tolerated, but did not achieve the target PFS > 50%, so it was not advanced to phase III. Median PFS was 3.4 months, and median OS was 8.4 months. In CE dMMR, median PFS was 5.7 months and ORR was 16%. Most frequent AE's: fatigue (44%), nausea (38%), anemia (32%), and diarrhea (26%). |
O'Malley et al. (2022) [26]. United States. | 90 | KEYNOTE-158 trial (phase II) on the efficacy and safety of Pembrolizumab in monotherapy in dMMR/MSI-H SC. Primary objective: TRO | Pembrolizumab showed durable antitumor activity in previously treated dMMR/MSI-HSC. ORR was 48% and median PFS was 13.1 months. Median OS was not reached. Most AEs were grade 1-2 (76%), the most frequent being pruritus (24%), fatigue (21%), and diarrhea (16%). |
Oaknin et al. (2022) [27]. United States. | 264 | GARNET trial (phase I) on the efficacy and safety of dostarlimab: CE dMMR/MSI-H (n=108) and CE pMMR/MSS (n=156). Primary target: TRO and DR. | Dostarlimab showed antitumor activity in dMMR/MSI-HSCs, with an ORR of 43.5%, being less effective in pMMR/ MSSSCs (ORR of 14.1%). Grade 1-2 AEs: fatigue (17.6%), diarrhea (13.8%), and nausea (13.8%). |
Mathews et al. (2022) [28]. United States. | 325 | Indirect comparison of the efficacy and safety of Dostarlimab (GARNET trial) in CE dMMR/MSI-H (n=92) vs. Doxorubicin (ZoptEC trial; n=233). Primary objective: to compare OS. | Dostarlimab showed greater OS than Doxorubicin, with a 59% lower risk of death. PFS was 2.5 times longer (12.2 vs. 4.9 months), as was ORR (44% vs. 14%). AEs were similar in both treatments, with fewer serious AEs in Dostarlimab (34.1% vs. 30.1%). |
Makker e t al. (2023) [29]*. United States. | 108 | Trial 111/KEYNOTE-146 (phase Ib/II), on the long-term efficacy and safety of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib. Primary objective: TRO. | The combination of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib showed ORR of 39.8% and median RD of 22.9 months. Median PFS was 7.4 months and OS was 17.7 months. Most frequent AEs: hypertension (33.3%), lipase elevation (9.3%), fatigue (8.3%) and diarrhea (7.4%). |
Makker et al. (2023) [30]**. United States. | 827 | 309/KEYNOTE-775 trial (phase III) on the efficacy and safety of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib (n=411) vs. QT (doxorubicin and paclitaxel; n=416). Primary target: SG and SLP. | Pembrolizumab plus Lenvatinib was more effective than QT, with an OS of 18.7 months vs. 11.9 months and a median PFS of 7.3 months vs. 3.8 months. ORR was higher in Pembrolizumab + Lenvatinib (32.4%) than in QT (15.1%), achieving CR in 5.8% vs. 2.6%. Most common AEs: hypertension (65%) in the Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib arm; and anemia (48.7%) in the QT arm. |
[i]*This article is an update of Makker V, Taylor MH, Aghajanian C, Oaknin A, Mier J, Cohn AL, et al. Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Endometrial Cancer. J Clin Oncol(.) (2020;38(26):2981-92. **This article is an update of:) Makker V, Colombo N, Casado Herráez A, Santin AD, Colomba E, Miller DS, et al. (Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Endometrial Cancer.) N Engl J Med(. 2022;386(5):437-48. (ORR: objective response rate; PFS: progression-free survival; AE: adverse events; EC: endometrial cancer; DR: duration of response; OS: overall survival; QT: chemotherapy; CR: complete response).
Five studies evaluated PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors agents in monotherapy, including Durvalumab [20], Pembrolizumab [23,26,27], and Dostarlimab [28], in addition to a study on Cabozantinib [19]. Six analyzed combinations of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and targeted therapies, including Nivolumab-Cabozantinib [21], Sintilimab-Antolinib [22], Avelumab-Talazoparib [24], Durvalumab-Olaparib [25], and Pembrolizumab-Lenvatinib [29,30]. Except for the study by Wei et al [22], all were multicenter.
Studies highlight the differential efficacy of immunotherapy according to the molecular profile of EC, especially between dMMR/MSI-H and pMMR/MSS subtypes. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor agents, such as Pembrolizumab [23,26], Durvalumab [20] and Dostarlimab [27] show higher antitumor activity in dMMR/ MSI-H ECs, with ORR between 43.5% and 58%, due to their high neoantigen load and higher PD-1/PD-L1 expression [31]. Factors such as tumor microenvironment and previous exposure to QT also influence the response, as QT can increase tumor antigen presentation and immune susceptibility [20].
The combination of immunotherapy with antiangiogenic agents has been shown to extend efficacy in molecular subtypes less sensitive to ICI monotherapy. In the KEYNOTE-146 study, Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib achieved an ORR of 39.8% and a PFS of 7.4 months, even in pMMR ECs [29]. Sintilimab and Anlotinib achieved an ORR of 100% in dMMR/MSI-H and 85.7% in pMMR, although the sample size limits the generalizability of the results [22].
Combinations of ICIs with PARP inhibitors have also been investigated, especially in patients with pMMR CE, although the results are less conclusive [24,25].
In general, treatments were well tolerated, with mild AEs including fatigue, diarrhea, anemia, and hypothyroidism [20,26,27]. Less frequent severe AEs include hypertension, neutropenia, and elevated liver enzymes [29]. Combinations with antiangiogenic agents showed higher rates of grade >3 AEs, such as hypertension and lipase elevation, but were manageable [22,29].
The reviewed studies show that immunotherapy and targeted combinations have shown greater efficacy than conventional QT in patients with advanced or recurrent SC, especially in terms of survival and disease control in both pMMR and dMMR tumors.
In the study by Dhani et al [19], Cabozantinib showed improved disease control rates and manageable toxicity, although AEs such as gastrointestinal fistulas were reported, especially in patients with carcinosarcomas. Pseudoprogression, a phenomenon of ICIs, involves an initial increase in tumor burden followed by regression [32]. According to Lheureux et al [21], the combination of Cabozantinib and Nivolumab showed promising synergy between both mechanisms of action, outperforming monotherapy with ICIs and standing out as a potential strategy in immunotherapy-resistant EC.
Dostarlimab showed superiority over QT (Doxorubicin), with lower toxicity and better safety profile [28]. However, its indirect comparison with Doxorubicin implies possible methodological biases as it was not performed in a randomized controlled trial. The KEYNOTE-775 trial highlighted the significant benefit of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib in terms of OS and PFS. Although toxicity was high, proper management of AEs optimizes their therapeutic benefit [30].
Immunotherapy, both in monotherapy and in combination, has shown greater efficacy in patients with dMMR/MSI-H SC than in pMMR/MSS SC. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor agents have achieved superior response rates in dMMR/MSI-H tumors due to their high neoantigen load, increased lymphocyte infiltration and PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, making DNA repair deficiency a key predictive marker. However, the resistance observed in some dMMR/MSI-H tumors suggests the need for future research to identify responsible mechanisms, such as alterations in the tumor microenvironment, changes in antigen presentation or even additional mutations in genes involved in the immune response.
Pembrolizumab, in monotherapy or combined with Lenvatinib, has demonstrated superiority over conventional QT (Doxorubicin or Paclitaxel) in terms of PFS, OS, and ORR, consolidating its position as a standard option for second-line treatment. Although hypertension is the most common AE, its safety profile is manageable. For its part, Dostarlimab, evaluated in the GARNET trial, has shown a favorable balance between efficacy and safety, especially in patients with dMMR/MSI-H SC. However, future comparative and randomized studies are needed to better define its role in the treatment of advanced SC.
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29. Makker V, Aghajanian C, Cohn AL, Romeo M, Bratos R, Brose MS, et al. A phase Ib/II study of Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab in advanced endometrial carcinoma (study 111/KEYNOTE-146): Long-term efficacy and safety update. J Clin Oncol . 2023;41(5):974-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.01021.
V Makker C Aghajanian AL Cohn M Romeo R Bratos MS Brose A phase Ib/II study of Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab in advanced endometrial carcinoma (study 111/KEYNOTE-146): Long-term efficacy and safety updateJ Clin Oncol202341597497910.1200/JCO.22.01021
30. Makker V, Colombo N, Herráez AC, Monk BJ, Mackay H, Santin AD, et al. Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab in previously treated advanced endometrial cancer: Updated efficacy and safety from the randomized phase III Study 309/KEYNOTE-775. J Clin Oncol . 2023;41(16):2904-10. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.02152.
V Makker N Colombo AC Herráez BJ Monk H Mackay AD Santin Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab in previously treated advanced endometrial cancer: Updated efficacy and safety from the randomized phase III Study 309/KEYNOTE-775J Clin Oncol202341162904291010.1200/JCO.22.02152
31. Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science . 2017;357(6349):409-13. doi:10.1126/science.aan6733.
DT Le JN Durham KN Smith H Wang BR Bartlett LK Aulakh Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockadeScience2017357634940941310.1126/science.aan6733
32. Li H, Zhou X, Zhang D, Wang G, Cheng X, Xu C, et al. Early onset immune-related adverse event to identify pseudoprogression in a patient with ovarian cancer treated with nivolumab: A case report and review of the literature. Front Med . 2020;7. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00366.
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How to cite: Vázquez-Gómez S, Díaz Fernández A. Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as immunotherapy in advanced endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Oncología (Ecuador). 2025;35(1): 28-37. https://doi.org/10.33821/777
El cáncer de endometrio (CE) es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente del tracto genital femenino en países desarrollados [1]; afecta principalmente a mujeres mayores de 50 años, con una mediana de edad al diagnóstico de 63 años [2,3]. Su incidencia ha aumentado debido al envejecimiento poblacional y la obesidad [1-5]. Aunque más del 90 % de los casos son esporádicos, hasta un 10 % tiene origen hereditario, por lo general asociado al síndrome de Lynch [6].
La inestabilidad de microsatélites (MSI) es una anomalía genética común en el CE, causada por defectos en las proteínas del mecanismo de reparación del ADN (mismatch repair, MMR). Según el grado de alteración, la MSI puede ser alta (MSI-H) o baja (MSI-L) [7]. Alrededor del 30 % de los CE presenta deficiencia en las proteínas MMR (dMMR) y MSI-H, mientras que la mayoría son tumores con estabilidad de microsatélites (MSS) y presencia de MMR (pMMR) [8,9].
En el 20 % de las pacientes con CE, este se diagnostica como enfermedad avanzada o metastásica (estadio III o IV). Entre el 10 y el 15 % de los CE recidivan y entre el 80 y el 90 % de las recidivas se producen en los tres primeros años tras el diagnóstico [9]. El tratamiento estándar del CE irresecable avanzado o recurrente de primera línea es la quimioterapia (QT) basada en platino, en combinación con carboplatino y paclitaxel [10,11]. Debido a que las opciones de segunda línea de tratamiento son limitadas y el CE avanzado o recurrente termina siendo en gran medida resistente a la QT, es crucial el desarrollo de terapias novedosas más eficaces y seguras [12,13].
Las proteínas PD-1 y PD-L1 regulan negativamente la actividad de las células T, impiden la destrucción de células tumorales y contribuyen a la progresión del cáncer [14]. Los inhibidores de punto de control inmunológico (ICIs) bloquean esta interacción y han demostrado actividad antitumoral con un buen perfil de seguridad en pacientes previamente tratados con QT [12,13].
Los anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra PD-1 o PD-L1 potencian la respuesta inmunitaria para atacar células cancerosas [12]. Su eficacia puede mejorar al combinarse con terapias dirigidas, como los inhibidores de los receptores tirosina-cinasa (ITK) -por ejemplo, lenvatinib- o los inhibidores de la enzima poli (ADP-ribosa) polimerasa (PARP), como olaparib.
Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la terapia anti-PD-1/PD-L1, en monoterapia o en combinación, en CE avanzado.
Estudiar la eficacia de la inmunoterapia y las terapias dirigidas en pacientes con CE avanzado dMMR/ MSI-H frente a pMMR/MSS.
Analizar la eficacia y la seguridad de la inmunoterapia y las terapias dirigidas frente a la QT de segunda línea de tratamiento en pacientes con CE avanzado.
Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática descriptiva, observacional, con un enfoque cualitativo.
La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y Cochrane.
La estrategia de búsqueda fue combinar los términos MeSH "immune checkpoint inhibitors", "pembrolizumab", "dostarlimab", "lenvatinib", "paclitaxel", "carboplatin", "doxorubicin" y "endometrial neoplasms" con los operadores booleanos AND y OR, de la siguiente manera: (((((((((Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors)) OR (pembrolizumab)) OR (dostarlimab)) OR (lenvatinib)) OR (Paclitaxel)) OR (Carboplatin)) OR (Doxorubicin)) AND (Endometrial Neoplasms)).
Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados publicados en los últimos cinco años, en inglés y en humanos, con pacientes que recibieron al menos una línea de QT basada en platino.
Estudios que abordaran varios tumores sólidos (ejemplo, CE y cáncer de ovario), que compararan braquiterapia o radioterapia frente a los tratamientos farmacológicos, que evaluaran la eficacia de la combinación de inmunoterapia y QT frente a la QT en monoterapia, o que fueran estudios de coste-efectividad.
Las variables clínicas evaluadas en los estudios fueron la tasa de respuesta objetiva (TRO), la supervivencia global (SG), la supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP), la respuesta completa (RC), la respuesta parcial (RP), la progresión de la enfermedad (PR), la duración de la respuesta (DR) y la tasa de control de la enfermedad (TCE) [15]. Se aplicaron los criterios RECIST 1.1 e iRECIST [15,16]. La seguridad y la toxicidad se evaluaron según los criterios CTCAE v4 [17], incluidos los eventos adversos (EA) más frecuentes y graves.
Se seleccionaron 12 estudios que evaluaron la efectividad y la toxicidad de agentes anti-PD-1/PD-L1 y terapias dirigidas en CE avanzado. La selección se realizó en bases de datos electrónicas por título y resumen, seguida de una revisión a texto completo, a partir de la cual se eligieron los que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La Figura 1 presenta el proceso de selección de artículos mediante un diagrama de flujo PRISMA [18].
La Tabla 1 recoge las características de los 12 estudios [19-30]. En todos, las pacientes presentan CE avanzado o recurrente.
Datos del estudio | n | Objetivo | Conclusiones |
---|---|---|---|
Dhani et al. (2020) [19]. Estados Unidos. | 102 | Ensayo fase II sobre la eficacia de cabozantinib en monoterapia en 2 cohortes de pacientes. Objetivo primario: SLP a las 12 semanas y TRO. | Cabozantinib mostró actividad en la cohorte experimental (histología endometrioide y seroso), con SLP mediana de 4,6 meses y SLP a 6 meses del 37 %. En la cohorte exploratoria (otras histologías), la SLP a 12 semanas fue del 47 % y la TRO del 16 %. EA más comunes: fatiga (61 %), diarrea (51 %), eritrodisestesia palmo-plantar (39 %) e hipertensión (25 %). |
Antill et al. (2021) [20]. Australia. | 71 | Ensayo PHAEDRA fase II sobre la eficacia de durvalumab en monoterapia: CE dMMR (n = 35) y CE pMMR (n = 36). Objetivo primario: TRO. | Durvalumab mostró TRO del 47 % en CE dMMR, en comparación con 3 % en CE pMMR. La SG a 12 meses fue del 71 % en dMMR y del 51 % en pMMR. EA más frecuentes relacionados con la inmunoterapia (20 %). |
Lheureux et al. (2022) [21]. Estados Unidos. | 54 | Ensayo fase II sobre la eficacia de cabozantinib y nivolumab (n = 36) frente a nivolumab en monoterapia (n = 18). Objetivo primario: SLP. | La combinación cabozantinib y nivolumab mejoró significativamente la SLP en comparación con nivolumab en monoterapia (5,3 meses vs. 1,9 meses). EA más frecuentes: diarrea (42 %), elevación de AST (42 %), fatiga (36 %) y anorexia (31 %). |
Wei et al. (2022) [22]. China. | 23 | Ensayo fase II sobre la eficacia de la combinación de sintilimab y anlotinib en CE dMMR/MSI-H (n = 9) y pMMR/ MSS (n = 14). Objetivo primario: TRO. | La combinación obtuvo una TRO del 73,9 %; alcanzó el 100 % en CE dMMR/MSI-H y el 85,7 % en CE pMMR/MSS. El 43,5 % presentó efectos adversos; los más comunes son eritrodisestesia palmo-plantar (100 %), erupción cutánea (69,6 %) e hipotiroidismo (69,6 %). |
Bellone et al. (2022) [23]. Estados Unidos. | 24 | Ensayo fase II sobre la eficacia de pembrolizumab en monoterapia en pacientes con CE dMMR/MSI-H (75 % esporádico, 25 % hereditario, asociado al síndrome Lynch). Objetivo primario: TRO. | Pembrolizumab mostró actividad antitumoral en CE recurrente dMMR/MSI-H. Los resultados de TRO, SLP y SG fueron superiores en pacientes con CE asociado a síndrome de Lynch. EA más comunes: diarrea (12,4 %), trastornos cutáneos (7,9 %), fatiga (6,8 %) y reacciones relacionadas con la perfusión (5,6 %). |
Konstantinopoulos et al. (2022) [24]. Estados Unidos. | 35 | Ensayo fase II sobre la eficacia y seguridad de avelumab y talazoparib en CE pMMR. Objetivo primario: TRO y la SLP a los 6 meses. | La combinación demostró un perfil favorable de EA y cumplió con los criterios preestablecidos para continuar con una mayor evaluación en CE pMMR. La TRO fue del 11,4 % y la SLP a los 6 meses del 22,9 %. Los EA más comunes de grado 3-4: anemia (46 %), trombocitopenia (29 %) y neutropenia (11 %). |
Post et al. (2022) [25]. Países Bajos. | 50 | Ensayo DOMEC (fase II), sobre la eficacia de la combinación durvalumab y olaparib. Objetivo primario: SLP a los 6 meses (tratamiento eficaz si tasa de SLP a los 6 meses en > 50 %). | La combinación fue bien tolerada, pero no alcanzó el objetivo de SLP > 50 %, por lo que no se avanzó a fase III. La SLP mediana fue de 3,4 meses y la SG mediana de 8,4 meses. En CE dMMR, la SLP mediana fue de 5,7 meses y la TRO del 16 %. EA más frecuentes: fatiga (44 %), náuseas (38 %), anemia (32 %) y diarrea (26 %). |
O'Malley et al. (2022) [26]. Estados Unidos. | 90 | Ensayo KEYNOTE-158 (fase II) sobre la eficacia y seguridad de pembrolizumab en monoterapia en CE dMMR/MSI-H. Objetivo primario: TRO. | Pembrolizumab mostró actividad antitumoral duradera en CE dMMR/ MSI-H previamente tratado. La TRO fue del 48 % y la SLP mediana de 13,1 meses. La SG mediana no se alcanzó. La mayoría de los EA fueron grado 1-2 (76 %); los más frecuentes fueron prurito (24 %), fatiga (21 %) y diarrea (16 %). |
Oaknin et al. (2022) [27]. Estados Unidos. | 264 | Ensayo GARNET (fase I) sobre la eficacia y seguridad de dostarlimab: CE dMMR/MSI-H (n = 108) y CE pMMR/ MSS (n = 156). Objetivo primario: TRO y DR. | Dostarlimab mostró actividad antitumoral en CE dMMR/MSI-H, con una TRO del 43,5 %, fue menos eficaz en CE pMMR/MSS (TRO del 14,1 %). EA grado 1-2: fatiga (17,6 %), diarrea (13,8 %) y náuseas (13,8 %). |
Mathews et al. (2022) [28]. Estados Unidos. | 325 | Comparación indirecta de la eficacia y seguridad de dostarlimab (ensayo GARNET) en CE dMMR/MSI-H (n = 92) vs. doxorrubicina (ensayo ZoptEC; n = 233). Objetivo primario: comparar la SG. | Dostarlimab mostró mayor SG que doxorrubicina, con un 59 % menos de riesgo de muerte. La SLP fue 2,5 veces mayor (12,2 vs. 4,9 meses), al igual que la TRO (44 % vs. 14 %). EA similares en ambos tratamientos, con menos EA graves en dostarlimab (34,1 % vs. 30,1 %). |
Makker et al. (2023) [29]*. Estados Unidos. | 108 | Ensayo 111/KEYNOTE-146 (fase Ib/II), sobre la eficacia y seguridad a largo plazo de pembrolizumab y lenvatinib. Objetivo primario: TRO. | La combinación de pembrolizumab y lenvatinib mostró TRO del 39,8 % y DR mediana de 22,9 meses. La SLP mediana fue de 7,4 meses y la SG de 17,7 meses. EA más frecuentes: hipertensión (33,3 %), elevación de la lipasa (9,3%), fatiga (8,3 %) y diarrea (7,4 %). |
Makker et al. (2023) [30]**. Estados Unidos. | 827 | Ensayo 309/KEYNOTE-775 (fase III) sobre la eficacia y seguridad de pembrolizumab y lenvatinib (n = 411) vs. QT (doxorrubicina y paclitaxel; n = 416). Objetivo primario: SG y SLP. | Pembrolizumab y lenvatinib fue más eficaz que QT, con una SG de 18,7 meses vs. 11,9 meses y una SLP mediana de 7,3 meses vs. 3,8 meses. La TRO fue mayor en pembrolizumab + lenvatinib (32,4 %) que en QT (15,1 %), y se logró RC en 5,8 % vs. 2,6 %. EA más comunes: hipertensión (65 %), en el brazo de pembrolizumab y lenvatinib, y anemia (48,7 %) en el brazo de QT. |
[i]*Este artículo es una actualización de Makker V, Taylor MH, Aghajanian C, Oaknin A, Mier J, Cohn AL, et al. Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Endometrial Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(26):2981-92. **Este artículo es una actualización de Makker V, Colombo N, Casado Herráez A, Santin AD, Colomba E, Miller DS, et al. Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab for advanced endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(5):437-48.
Cinco estudios evaluaron agentes anti-PD-1/PD-L1 en monoterapia, incluidos durvalumab [20], pembrolizumab [23,26,27] y dostarlimab [28], además de un estudio sobre cabozantinib [19]. Seis analizaron combinaciones de anti-PD-1/PD-L1 y terapias dirigidas, incluidos nivolumab-cabozantinib [21], sintilimab-anlotinib [22], avelumab-talazoparib [24], durvalumab-olaparib [25] y pembrolizumab-lenvatinib [29,30]. Salvo el estudio de Wei et al. [22], todos fueron multicéntricos.
Los estudios destacan la eficacia diferencial de la inmunoterapia según el perfil molecular del CE, especialmente entre subtipos dMMR/MSI-H y pMMR/MSS. Los agentes anti-PD-l/PD-L1, como pembrolizumab [23,26], durvalumab [20] y dostarlimab [27], muestran mayor actividad antitumoral en CE dMMR/MSI-H, con TRO entre el 43,5 y el 58 %, debido a su alta carga de neoantígenos y mayor expresión de PD-1/PD-L1 [31]. Factores como el microambiente tumoral y la exposición previa a QT también influyen en la respuesta, ya que la QT puede aumentar la presentación de antígenos tumorales y la susceptibilidad inmunológica [20].
La combinación de inmunoterapia con agentes antiangiogénicos ha demostrado ampliar la eficacia en subtipos moleculares menos sensibles a la monoterapia con ICIs. En el estudio KEYNOTE-146, pembrolizumab y lenvatinib lograron una TRO del 39,8 % y una SLP de 7,4 meses, incluso en CE pMMR [29]. Sintilimab y anlotinib alcanzaron una TRO del 100 % en dMMR/MSI-H y del 85,7 % en pMMR, aunque el tamaño de muestra limita la generalización de los resultados [22].
Las combinaciones de ICIs con inhibidores de PARP también han sido investigadas, especialmente en pacientes con CE pMMR, aunque los resultados son menos concluyentes [24,25].
En general, los tratamientos fueron bien tolerados, con EA leves, como fatiga, diarrea, anemia e hipotiroidismo [20,26,27]. Los EA graves, menos frecuentes, incluyeron hipertensión, neutropenia y elevación de enzimas hepáticas [29]. Las combinaciones con agentes antiangiogénicos mostraron mayores tasas de EA de grado > 3, como hipertensión y elevación de la lipasa, pero fueron manejables [22,29].
Los estudios revisados evidencian que la inmunoterapia y las combinaciones dirigidas han mostrado una mayor eficacia frente a la QT convencional en pacientes con CE avanzado o recurrente, especialmente en términos de supervivencia y control de la enfermedad, tanto en tumores pMMR como dMMR.
En el estudio de Dhani et al. [19], cabozantinib mostró mejores tasas de control de la enfermedad y toxicidad manejable, aunque se reportaron EA como fístulas gastrointestinales, sobre todo en pacientes con carcinosarcomas. La pseudoprogresión, fenómeno de las ICIs, implica un aumento inicial de la carga tumoral seguido de regresión [32]. Según Lheureux et al. [21], la combinación de cabozantinib y nivolumab mostró sinergia prometedora entre ambos mecanismos de acción, que superó la monoterapia con ICIs y se destacó como una estrategia potencial en CE resistente a inmunoterapia.
Dostarlimab mostró superioridad frente a la QT (doxorrubicina), con menor toxicidad y mejor perfil de seguridad [28]. No obstante, su comparación indirecta con doxorrubicina implica posibles sesgos metodológicos al no realizarse en un ensayo controlado y aleatorizado. Por su parte, el ensayo KEYNOTE-775 destacó el beneficio significativo de pembrolizumab y lenvatinib en términos de SG y SLP. Aunque la toxicidad fue elevada, un manejo adecuado de los EA optimiza su beneficio terapéutico [30].
La inmunoterapia, tanto en monoterapia como en combinación, ha demostrado mayor eficacia en pacientes con CE dMMR/MSI-H que con CE pMMR/MSS. Los agentes anti-PD-1/PD-L1 han logrado tasas de respuesta superiores en tumores dMMR/MSI-H debido a su alta carga de neoantígenos, mayor infiltración linfocitaria y sobreexpresión de PD-1/PD-L1, lo que convierte la deficiencia en la reparación del ADN en un marcador predictivo clave. Sin embargo, la resistencia observada en algunos tumores dMMR/MSI-H sugiere la necesidad de investigaciones futuras para identificar mecanismos responsables, como alteraciones en el microambiente tumoral, cambios en la presentación de antígenos o incluso mutaciones adicionales en genes implicados en la respuesta inmunitaria.
Pembrolizumab, en monoterapia o combinado con lenvatinib, ha demostrado superioridad frente a la QT convencional (doxorrubicina o paclitaxel) en cuanto a SLP, SG y TRO, y se consolida como opción estándar de segunda línea de tratamiento. Aunque la hipertensión es el EA más común, su perfil de seguridad es manejable. Por su parte, dostarlimab, evaluado en el ensayo GARNET, ha mostrado un equilibrio favorable entre eficacia y seguridad, sobre todo en pacientes con CE dMMR/MSI-H. Sin embargo, futuros estudios comparativos y aleatorizados son necesarios para definir mejor su papel en el tratamiento del CE avanzado.