Gastric Schwannoma: A Case Report


Case Report / Caso Clínico

https://doi.org/10.33821/742




Abstract

Introduction:

Schwannomas are benign, slow-growing, Mesenchymal Tumors (MT) that originate in the Schwann cells of the nerves of the Meiisner and Auebarch plexuses. Although they can appear in any location, they are rare in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

Case report:

Our case is the presentation of a gastric Schawnnoma with favorable evolution and a good prognosis after a complete resection.

Conclusion:

It is relevant to present this to keep it in mind in the differential diagnosis of subepithelial gastric tumors.

Keywords:

Gastric Schwannoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, immunohistochemistry



1. Clinical case

A 61-year-old female with a medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with hypoglycemic agents. No family history of cancer. She presents dyspepsia with clinical symptoms of postprandial distress syndrome, evolving for one year without alarm signs. No abnormalities were found in her lower digestive tract and hepatobiliary system. Physical examination: Good general condition. Abdomen: Soft, depressible, not painful, no masses, no visceromegaly, and the rest of the physical examination showed no irregularities.

In the blood tests, no deviations were observed.

(Figure 1). Computed Tomography (CT) of the Abdomen and Pelvis, there is evidence of thickening of the gastric antrum wall associated with an exophytic growth tumor, measuring 79 x 84 x 88 mm. Enlarged lymph nodes are observed in the hepatic hilar region, celiac trunk, and peripheral areas.

Figure 1

Computed tomography (CT) abdomen-pelvis

2661-6653-onco-34-01-52-gf1.png

Source: Hospital SOLCA Núcleo Machala

Upper Endoscopy (EGD): At the level of the antrum, on the greater curvature, there is a 4 cm subepithelial lesion covered with mucosa, suggesting a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GISTs) based on its appearance (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Subepithelial lesion in the antrum, seen on upper endoscopy

2661-6653-onco-34-01-52-gf2.png

Source: Hospital SOLCA Núcleo Machala

An endoscopic ultrasound was performed: In the antrum, a hypoechoic lesion measuring 3 x 4 cm originates in the fourth layer (muscularis propria). It appeared heterogeneous with anechoic areas inside and irregular contours. A 19 G ACQUIRE needle puncture of the lesion is performed for pathological examination (Figure 3).

Figure 3

Subepithelial lesion in the antrum, seen on endoscopic ultrasound.

2661-6653-onco-34-01-52-gf3.png

Source: Hospital SOLCA Núcleo Machala

The histopathological report describes infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes, as well as a fragment of smooth muscle with a neoplastic appearance formed by smooth, fusiform, bipolar muscle fibers with oval nuclei that preserve the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) reveals S100 positivity and desmid positivity, while Smooth Muscle Actin, CD34, and CD117 (c-Kit) are negative. This establishes the diagnosis of Gastric Schwannoma (GS).

As definitive treatment, open surgery is performed: Subtotal gastrectomy. Anatomopathological report: Gastric Schwannoma with perigastric lymph nodes showing reactive follicular hyperplasia. In the 24-month follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic regarding digestive symptoms.

2. Discussion

Gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors are divided into 3 main groups: Neurogenic (schwannomas, neurofibromas), myogenic (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas), and GISTs. Differential diagnosis is crucial as they differ in prognosis [3].

Schwannomas are slow-growing benign mesenchymal tumors that originate from Schwann cells of the Meissner and Auerbach plexuses. They are uncommon. Their most common location in the gastrointestinal tract is the stomach (at the greater curvature and antrum), followed by the colon and rectum [3,5].

Gastric Schwannomas are rare, having a frequency of 0.2% among all gastric tumors, 6.3% of mesenchymal gastric tumors, and 4% of benign gastric tumors. They are more prevalent in women, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3 and an average age at diagnosis of 57 years [6,12].

The clinical presentation of Gastric Schwannomas can vary greatly. Most are asymptomatic and are diagnosed incidentally. Symptomatic patients often present with abdominal pain, followed by upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Less frequently, they may present with a palpable abdominal mass (3%), loss of appetite (anorexia) (3%), or dyspepsia (1.8%) [6].

Upper Endoscopy (EGD) and the biopsies obtained from it have low yield [4]. They often reveal sessile subepithelial tumors covered with mucosa of normal appearance and exophytic growth.7 Endoscopic ultrasound identifies a hypoechoic lesion, either homogeneous or heterogeneous, often with a marginal halo, located in the fourth layer and sometimes in the third layer. Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) is the initial diagnostic method, providing a diagnosis in 85.2% of cases. However, in instances where the obtained tissue is insufficient or nonspecific, core needle biopsy may yield better results [3,8].

Another diagnostic tool used is contrast-enhanced CT, which shows a heterogeneously hypervascular tumor that enhances with contrast, with areas of necrosis. However, radiological findings are nonspecific and are often described as gastrointestinal stromal tumor [7,13].

Histologically, Gastric Schwannomas are encapsulated tumors containing abundant spindle cells with a prominent lymphoid aggregation characterized by Antoni A and Antoni B areas. Shah AS et al [9]. demonstrated that the diagnosis can only be confirmed based on immunohistochemistry (IHC), where GS shows positivity for S-100, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and negativity for CD117 and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) [3,10,15].

Regarding treatment, surgery is the only curative treatment for GS, and the specific type of procedure depends on the size and location of the lesion. Both conventional and laparoscopic techniques have shown satisfactory results. Lymph node resection is not necessary as SMA rarely presents lymphatic spread or malignant transformation. Endoscopic options are not viable in most cases as the lesion usually arises from the Auerbach plexus, and growths tend to involve the entire muscular layer. The recurrence rate is very rare, so surveillance is not required [7, 10, 14].

3. Conclusions

Schwannomas are benign, slow-growing, mesenchymal tumors that originate in the Schwann cells of the nerves of the Meiisner and Auebarch plexuses. They are uncommon in the gastrointestinal tract. They should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of subepithelial lesions detected during endoscopy.

4. Acknowledgments

None

5. Funding

The authors did not receive any funding for this research

References

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JM Yoon GH Kim DY Park NR Shin S Ahn CH Park Endosonographic features of gastric schwannoma: A single center experienceClin Endosc201649548554https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.115

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JM Williamson MS Wadley NA Shepherd S. Dwerryhouse Gastric schwannoma: a benign tumour often mistaken clinically, radiologically and histopathologically for a gastrointestinal stromal tumour--a case seriesAnn R Coll Surg Engl052012944245249https://doi.org/10.1308/003588412X13171221590935

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How to cite: Montes Nájera D, Cevallos N, Montes R. Gastric Schwannoma: A Case Report. Oncología (Ecuador). 2024;34(1): 52-57. https://doi.org/10.33821/742


Schwannoma gástrico. Reporte de un caso


Resumen

Introducción:

Los schwannomas son tumores mesenquimatosos benignos de crecimiento lento, se originan en las células de Schwann de los nervios de los plexos Meiisner y Auebarch. Aunque pueden aparecer en cualquier localización, son poco frecuentes en el tracto gastrointestinal.

Caso clínico:

Nuestro caso es la presentación de un schawnnoma gástrico con evolución favorable y buen pronóstico tras su resección completa.

Conclusión:

La importancia de presentarlo radica en tenerlo presente en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores gástricos subepiteliales.



1. Caso clínico

Femenina de 61 años, antecedentes patológicos de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en tratamiento con hipoglucemiantes. Sin antecedentes familiares oncológicos.

Presenta cuadro clínico de dispepsia tipo distress postprandial, sin signos de alarmas, de un año de evolución. Sin alteraciones en su tracto digestivo bajo o en la esfera hepatobiliar. En el examen físico se identifica buen estado general. El abdomen se palpa blando depresible, no doloroso, no tumoraciones, no visceromegalia. No se reflejan particularidades en dicho examen. En la paraclínica sanguínea tampoco se hallan alteraciones.

En la tomografía computarizada de abdomen-pelvis (Figura 1) se evidencia, en antro gástrico, engrosamiento parietal asociado a tumoración con crecimiento exofítico que mide 79 × 84 × 88 mm, y se aprecian ganglios incrementados de tamaño en región hiliar hepática, tronco celíaco y periféricos.

Figura 1

Tomografía computarizada (TC) abdomen-pelvis

2661-6653-onco-34-01-52-gf4.png

Fuente: Hospital SOLCA Núcleo Machala

En la endoscopia digestiva alta, a nivel de antro sobre curvatura, se refleja la mayor lesión subepitelial de 4 cm, recubierta de mucosa de aspecto habitual sugestiva de tumor del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) (Figura 2).

Figura 2

Lesión subepitelial en antro vista por EDA

2661-6653-onco-34-01-52-gf5.png

Fuente: Hospital SOLCA Núcleo Machala

Se realiza ecoendoscopia que evidencia: en antro, lesión hipoecoica de 3 × 4 cm, que se origina en la cuarta capa (muscular propia), heterogénea, con áreas anecoicas en su interior, contornos irregulares. Se realiza punción con aguja 19 G ACQUIRE de la lesión para estudio de patología (Figura 3).

Figura 3

Lesión subepitelial en antro vista por ecoendoscopia

2661-6653-onco-34-01-52-gf6.png

Fuente: Hospital SOLCA Núcleo Machala

Informe histopatológico describe infiltrado de leucocitos polimorfonucleares neutrófilos y mononucleares, además de un fragmento de músculo liso de aspecto neoplásico, formado por fibras musculares lisas, fusiformes, bipolares de núcleos ovalados que preservan la relación núcleo-citoplasma. Se realiza inmunohistoquímica (IHQ): S100 positivo y desmina, actina músculo específico, CD 34 Y CD 117 (c-Kit) negativos; estableciendo diagnóstico de schwannoma gástrico (SG).

Como tratamiento definitivo, se realiza cirugía por vía abierta: gastrectomía subtotal. Reporte anatomopatológico de SG con ganglios linfáticos perigástricos e hiperplasia folicular reactiva. En el seguimiento evolutivo a 24 meses se encuentra asintomática en lo digestivo.

2. Discusión

Los tumores gastrointestinales subepiteliales se dividen en tres grandes grupos: neurogénicos (schwannomas, neurofibromas), miogénicos (leiomiomas y leiomiosarcomas) y GIST. El diagnóstico diferencial es importante, puesto que difieren en el pronóstico [3].

Los schwannomas son TM benignos de crecimiento lento, se originan en las células de Schwann de los plexos Meissner y Auerbarch. Son infrecuentes, su ubicación más común en el TGI es el estómago (a nivel de curvatura mayor y antro), seguido del colon y el recto [3, 5].

Los SG son raros, una incidencia de 0,2 % de todos los tumores gástricos; 6,3 % de los tumores gástricos mesenquimatosos; y 4 % de los tumores gástricos benignos [4]. Mayor prevalencia en mujeres, con una razón hombre:mujer de 1:3 y una edad promedio al diagnóstico de 57 años [6,12].

La presentación clínica de los SG puede ser muy variable. La mayoría son asintomáticos y su diagnóstico surge como un hallazgo. Los pacientes sintomáticos, frecuentemente, experimentan dolor abdominal, seguido de hemorragia gastrointestinal alta. Con menor frecuencia, presentan tumor abdominal palpable (3 %), anorexia (3 %) y dispepsia (1,8 %) [6].

La EDA, y las biopsias que de ella se obtienen, muestran bajo rendimiento [4]. Se evidencian como tumores subepiteliales sésiles, recubiertos de mucosa de aspecto habitual con crecimiento exofítico [7]. El ultrasonido endoscópico identifica una lesión hipoecoica homogénea o heterogénea. En muchas ocasiones, suele observarse un halo marginal que se localizan en la cuarta capa y, en otros casos, en la tercera. La punción aspiración con aguja fina es el método diagnóstico inicial, en el 85,2 %. Aunque, cuando el tejido obtenido es insuficiente o inespecífico, la biopsia por punción con aguja gruesa presenta mejor rendimiento [3, 8].

Otra herramienta diagnóstica utilizada es la TC contrastada que muestra tumoración heterogénea hipervascular que realza al contraste, con áreas de necrosis, pero los hallazgos radiológicos son inespecíficos y suelen describirlo como tumor del estroma gastrointestinal [7, 13].

Histológicamente, los SG son encapsulados que contienen abundantes células fusiformes con una agregación linfoide prominente, caracterizada por áreas de Antoni A y Antoni B. Algunos autores demostraron que el diagnóstico solo puede confirmarse sobre la base de IHQ en la que los SG muestran positividad para S-100, vimentina y proteína gliofibrilar ácida, y negatividad para CD117 y SMA [3, 9, 10, 15].

En relación con el tratamiento, la cirugía es la única opción curativa para el SG, y el tipo específico de procedimiento depende del tamaño y la localización de la lesión. A su vez, tanto las técnicas convencionales como la laparoscópica han demostrado resultados satisfactorios. La resección de ganglios linfáticos no es necesaria, ya que los SG rara vez presentan diseminación linfática o transformación maligna. La opción endoscópica no es viable, en la mayoría de los casos, ya que la lesión usualmente surge del plexo de Auerbach y los crecimientos tienden a involucrar toda la capa muscular propia. La tasa de recurrencia es muy rara por lo que no requiere vigilancia [7, 10, 14].

3. Conclusiones

Los schwannomas son TM benignos de crecimiento lento, se originan en las células de Schwann de los nervios de los plexos Meiisner y Auebarch. Son poco frecuentes en el TGI. Deben estar presentes en el diferencial de las lesiones subepiteliales diagnosticadas por endoscopia.